Risk Factor Matrix
| Individual |
Ages 0–2 |
Ages 3–5 |
Ages 6–11 |
Ages 12–17 |
Ages 18– |
| Antisocial/delinquent beliefs |
1 program |
6 programs |
40 programs |
46 programs |
11 programs |
| Belief in physical aggression to resolve disagreements and violent tendencies |
1 program |
2 programs |
4 programs |
4 programs |
No programs |
| Conduct disorders (authority conflict/rebellious/stubborn/disruptive/antisocial) |
2 programs |
6 programs |
24 programs |
29 programs |
8 programs |
| Developmental trauma exposure |
1 program |
2 programs |
4 programs |
7 programs |
3 programs |
| Difficult temperament |
2 programs |
2 programs |
No programs |
1 program |
1 program |
| Drug dealing |
No programs |
No programs |
2 programs |
9 programs |
5 programs |
| Early and persistent noncompliant behavior |
2 programs |
5 programs |
24 programs |
21 programs |
6 programs |
| Early dating/sexual activity/fatherhood |
No programs |
No programs |
3 programs |
6 programs |
2 programs |
| Early onset of aggression/violence |
1 program |
6 programs |
22 programs |
19 programs |
5 programs |
| Exposure to firearm violence |
1 program |
1 program |
8 programs |
24 programs |
18 programs |
| Fearless |
No programs |
No programs |
No programs |
5 programs |
4 programs |
| Few social ties (involved in social activities, popularity) |
No programs |
No programs |
13 programs |
26 programs |
15 programs |
| Gang involvement in adolescence |
No programs |
No programs |
4 programs |
15 programs |
9 programs |
| General delinquency involvement |
1 program |
5 programs |
33 programs |
53 programs |
17 programs |
| High alcohol/drug use |
No programs |
2 programs |
30 programs |
59 programs |
26 programs |
| High drug dealing |
No programs |
No programs |
6 programs |
22 programs |
17 programs |
| Hyperactivity/impulsivity |
3 programs |
7 programs |
19 programs |
18 programs |
6 programs |
| Illegal gun ownership/carrying |
No programs |
No programs |
8 programs |
31 programs |
22 programs |
| Lack of guilt and empathy |
1 program |
3 programs |
18 programs |
24 programs |
5 programs |
| Life stressors |
No programs |
1 program |
7 programs |
15 programs |
6 programs |
| Low intelligence quotient |
2 programs |
5 programs |
8 programs |
6 programs |
2 programs |
| Low perceived likelihood of being caught |
No programs |
3 programs |
16 programs |
14 programs |
3 programs |
| Low psychosocial maturity (low temperance, responsibility, and perspective) |
No programs |
No programs |
4 programs |
7 programs |
1 program |
| Makes excuses for delinquent behavior (neutralization) |
No programs |
No programs |
11 programs |
20 programs |
6 programs |
| Medical/physical condition |
No programs |
1 program |
2 programs |
2 programs |
2 programs |
| Mental health problems |
No programs |
2 programs |
12 programs |
21 programs |
9 programs |
| No job or less than full-time employment in early adulthood (age 16+) |
No programs |
No programs |
No programs |
2 programs |
2 programs |
| Perceived racial discrimination |
No programs |
No programs |
1 program |
1 program |
1 program |
| Physical violence/aggression |
1 program |
2 programs |
22 programs |
51 programs |
27 programs |
| Poor refusal skills |
1 program |
3 programs |
17 programs |
17 programs |
7 programs |
| Victim of child maltreatment |
No programs |
2 programs |
8 programs |
8 programs |
3 programs |
| Victimization and exposure to violence |
No programs |
2 programs |
13 programs |
13 programs |
4 programs |
| Violence at age 13 |
No programs |
No programs |
2 programs |
7 programs |
5 programs |
| Violent victimization |
1 program |
2 programs |
20 programs |
49 programs |
26 programs |
| Family |
Ages 0–2 |
Ages 3–5 |
Ages 6–11 |
Ages 12–17 |
Ages 18– |
| A lack of health insurance |
No programs |
No programs |
No programs |
No programs |
No programs |
| Abusive parents |
1 program |
4 programs |
10 programs |
9 programs |
3 programs |
| Antisocial parents |
No programs |
4 programs |
15 programs |
18 programs |
6 programs |
| Broken home/changes in caretaker |
No programs |
3 programs |
10 programs |
16 programs |
7 programs |
| Child maltreatment (abuse or neglect) |
2 programs |
5 programs |
15 programs |
20 programs |
6 programs |
| Delinquent siblings |
1 program |
1 program |
15 programs |
34 programs |
16 programs |
| Family history of problem behavior/criminal involvement |
1 program |
3 programs |
11 programs |
25 programs |
16 programs |
| Family poverty/low family socioeconomic status |
2 programs |
4 programs |
10 programs |
19 programs |
13 programs |
| Family violence (child maltreatment, partner violence, conflict) |
3 programs |
6 programs |
21 programs |
35 programs |
17 programs |
| Father’s gang membership (for males only, but only with frequent contacts and maltreatment) |
No programs |
No programs |
1 program |
3 programs |
1 program |
| Foster care placement |
No programs |
No programs |
1 program |
2 programs |
1 program |
| Growing up in foster care |
1 program |
2 programs |
4 programs |
4 programs |
1 program |
| Having a teenage mother |
2 programs |
2 programs |
8 programs |
11 programs |
5 programs |
| High parental stress/maternal depression |
1 program |
5 programs |
16 programs |
18 programs |
6 programs |
| Jailing or imprisonment of a household member |
No programs |
No programs |
1 program |
2 programs |
1 program |
| Lack of orderly and structured activities within the family |
No programs |
1 program |
8 programs |
16 programs |
4 programs |
| Lived/living with a gang member |
No programs |
No programs |
3 programs |
5 programs |
2 programs |
| Living in a small house |
No programs |
No programs |
1 program |
7 programs |
7 programs |
| Low parental attachment to child/adolescent |
No programs |
1 program |
10 programs |
14 programs |
6 programs |
| Low parental education |
No programs |
No programs |
5 programs |
8 programs |
4 programs |
| Low parental supervision |
1 program |
1 program |
1 program |
No programs |
No programs |
| Maternal drug, alcohol, and tobacco use during pregnancy |
2 programs |
1 program |
No programs |
1 program |
1 program |
| Mother’s gang membership (for females only) |
No programs |
No programs |
1 program |
3 programs |
1 program |
| Parent proviolent attitudes |
No programs |
2 programs |
8 programs |
8 programs |
2 programs |
| Parental criminality |
2 programs |
2 programs |
1 program |
3 programs |
1 program |
| Parental neglect and abuse |
2 programs |
2 programs |
2 programs |
2 programs |
1 program |
| Parental psychiatric disorder |
2 programs |
1 program |
No programs |
1 program |
1 program |
| Parental substance abuse |
2 programs |
1 program |
No programs |
1 program |
1 program |
| Parental use of physical punishment/harsh and/or erratic discipline practices |
3 programs |
6 programs |
19 programs |
30 programs |
8 programs |
| Per capita family income |
No programs |
No programs |
No programs |
3 programs |
3 programs |
| Poor parental supervision (control, monitoring, and child management) |
2 programs |
6 programs |
35 programs |
54 programs |
20 programs |
| Poor parent-child relations or communication |
3 programs |
6 programs |
21 programs |
24 programs |
10 programs |
| Pregnancy and delivery complications |
2 programs |
1 program |
No programs |
1 program |
1 program |
| Sibling antisocial behavior |
No programs |
No programs |
5 programs |
6 programs |
3 programs |
| Single parent household |
1 program |
2 programs |
3 programs |
2 programs |
1 program |
| Unhappy parents |
1 program |
4 programs |
11 programs |
11 programs |
4 programs |
| School |
Ages 0–2 |
Ages 3–5 |
Ages 6–11 |
Ages 12–17 |
Ages 18– |
| Bullying |
No programs |
1 program |
9 programs |
10 programs |
3 programs |
| Chronic absenteeism |
No programs |
No programs |
1 program |
No programs |
No programs |
| Frequent school transitions |
No programs |
1 program |
13 programs |
15 programs |
2 programs |
| Frequent truancy/absences/suspensions; expelled from school; dropping out of school |
1 program |
5 programs |
29 programs |
42 programs |
15 programs |
| Identified as learning disabled |
1 program |
4 programs |
14 programs |
12 programs |
3 programs |
| Low academic aspirations |
1 program |
5 programs |
30 programs |
35 programs |
8 programs |
| Low achievement in school |
1 program |
5 programs |
17 programs |
15 programs |
5 programs |
| Low math achievement test scores (males) |
No programs |
No programs |
3 programs |
5 programs |
3 programs |
| Low parent college expectations for child |
No programs |
No programs |
6 programs |
9 programs |
3 programs |
| Low school attachment/bonding/motivation/commitment to school |
1 program |
5 programs |
38 programs |
51 programs |
16 programs |
| Non-normative school transitions (i.e., changes due to residential moves or mid-year transfers) |
No programs |
1 program |
5 programs |
6 programs |
1 program |
| Old for grade/repeated a grade |
No programs |
2 programs |
10 programs |
8 programs |
1 program |
| Performance on standardized math assessments in the 6th and 10th grades |
No programs |
No programs |
2 programs |
2 programs |
1 program |
| Poor school attitude/performance; academic failure |
No programs |
3 programs |
25 programs |
47 programs |
17 programs |
| Poor student-teacher relations |
1 program |
3 programs |
17 programs |
17 programs |
6 programs |
| Poorly defined rules and expectations for appropriate conduct |
1 program |
3 programs |
17 programs |
15 programs |
4 programs |
| Poorly organized and functioning schools/inadequate school climate/negative labeling by teachers |
No programs |
1 program |
14 programs |
22 programs |
12 programs |
| School attendance |
No programs |
No programs |
2 programs |
2 programs |
1 program |
| Student failure in the first grade |
No programs |
2 programs |
8 programs |
7 programs |
2 programs |
| Trouble at school |
No programs |
1 program |
5 programs |
5 programs |
No programs |
| Unsafe schools |
No programs |
No programs |
6 programs |
6 programs |
1 program |
| Community |
Ages 0–2 |
Ages 3–5 |
Ages 6–11 |
Ages 12–17 |
Ages 18– |
| Availability and use of drugs in the neighborhood |
1 program |
1 program |
11 programs |
27 programs |
20 programs |
| Availability of firearms |
1 program |
2 programs |
10 programs |
26 programs |
22 programs |
| Community disorganization |
No programs |
1 program |
8 programs |
16 programs |
12 programs |
| Economic deprivation/poverty/residence in a disadvantaged neighborhood |
No programs |
1 program |
9 programs |
17 programs |
12 programs |
| Exposure to violence and racial prejudice |
1 program |
2 programs |
7 programs |
16 programs |
14 programs |
| Feeling unsafe in the neighborhood |
1 program |
1 program |
15 programs |
31 programs |
22 programs |
| High-crime neighborhood |
1 program |
2 programs |
8 programs |
24 programs |
22 programs |
| Low neighborhood attachment |
No programs |
1 program |
11 programs |
13 programs |
6 programs |
| Moved to a new neighborhood |
1 program |
1 program |
2 programs |
3 programs |
No programs |
| Neighborhood antisocial environment |
No programs |
No programs |
1 program |
3 programs |
2 programs |
| Neighborhood physical disorder |
No programs |
No programs |
4 programs |
13 programs |
12 programs |
| Neighborhood youth in trouble |
1 program |
1 program |
17 programs |
33 programs |
20 programs |
| Peer |
Ages 0–2 |
Ages 3–5 |
Ages 6–11 |
Ages 12–17 |
Ages 18– |
| Association with antisocial/aggressive/delinquent peers; high peer delinquency |
2 programs |
4 programs |
33 programs |
63 programs |
26 programs |
| Association with gang-involved peers/relatives |
1 program |
1 program |
21 programs |
46 programs |
25 programs |
| Gang membership |
1 program |
1 program |
7 programs |
22 programs |
15 programs |
| Leading peers in antisocial behavior and committing crimes for peer status or revenge |
No programs |
No programs |
1 program |
3 programs |
1 program |
| Peer alcohol/drug use |
No programs |
No programs |
18 programs |
39 programs |
20 programs |
| Peer rejection |
1 program |
2 programs |
14 programs |
17 programs |
2 programs |
