Library

Comprehensive Gang Model

A Guide to Assessing Your if;s Youth Gang Problem

The 2009 Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention revised publication guides communities in conducting comprehensive assessments to address gang problems.
Assessment-Guide.pdf | More Information...

OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model: Planning for Implementation

The 2009 revised Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention publication guides communities in developing implementation plans to address community gang problems based on a comprehensive assessment. It focuses on a multidisciplinary approach addressing five basic strategic areas.
Implementation-Manual.pdf | More Information...

Best Practices to Address Community Gang Problems

Second Edition of Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s Best Practices in the Comprehensive Gang Model.
www.ojjdp.gov/publications/PubAbstract.asp?pubi=253257

Street Outreach and the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model

The June 2012 National Gang Center Bulletin discusses issues related to effective street outreach practices in the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Comprehensive Gang Model.
Street-Outreach-Comprehensive-Gang-Model.pdf

Multidisciplinary Gang Intervention Teams

The 2007 National Gang Center Bulletin outlines the development, role, and practice of multidisciplinary gang intervention teams in addressing gang problems.
NYGCbulletin3.pdf

Gang Suppression and Intervention: Problem and Response

This Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 1994 publication includes a research summary related to the Comprehensive Gang Model.
gangprob.pdf

Gang Suppression and Intervention: Community Models

This Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 1994 publication includes a research summary on recommended policy and practices for communities and community stakeholders in addressing gang issues.
gangcorr.pdf

Implementing the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 1999 Fact Sheet on implementing the Comprehensive Gang Model.
fs99112.pdf

General Gang-Related Publications

City Gangs

Link to Arizona State University’s portico to Walter Miller’s unpublished book based on work in Boston’s Roxbury community.
gangresearch.asu.edu/walter_miller_library/walter-b.-miller-book

History of Street Gangs in the United States

The 2010 National Gang Center Bulletin details the development of street gangs in the United States.
History-of-Street-Gangs.pdf

Menacing or Mimicking? Realities of Youth Gangs

A 2007 abstract in the Juvenile and Family Court Journal addressing the realities of youth gangs.
Menacing-or-Mimicking.pdf

Mobilizing Communities to Address Gang Problems

A 2009 National Gang Center Bulletin which discusses mobilizing and organizing communities to address gang problems. It provides a number of examples from various communities.
NYGC-bulletin-4.pdf

The Impact of Gangs on Communities

The 2006 National Gang Center bulletin discusses the impact of gangs in a number of different contexts.
Impact-of-Gangs-on-Communities.pdf

Addressing Community Gang Problems: A Model for Problem Solving

This 1997 Bureau of Justice Assistance monograph provides a problem-solving process to address gang problems.
156059.pdf

Addressing Community Gang Problems: A Practical Guide

The 1998 Bureau of Justice Assistance monograph discusses practical solutions to address community gang problems.
164273.pdf

Gangs in Small Towns and Rural Counties

The 2005 National Gang Center bulletin discusses trends and potentially related problems to the emergence of gangs in small towns and rural counties in the United States.
Gangs-in-Small-Towns-and-Rural-Counties.pdf

Youth Gangs in Rural America

The 2004 National Institute of Justice journal article discusses gangs in rural areas.
jr000251b.pdf

Youth Gangs in Indian Country

The 2004 OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin discusses findings of surveying tribal police officers regarding tribal gang activity in Indian Country.
202714.pdf

Modern-Day Youth Gangs

The 2002 OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin addresses the emergence of modern youth gangs over an extended period of time in various settings.
191524.pdf

Hybrid and Other Modern Gangs

The 2001 OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin discusses the nature of hybrid youth gangs.
Hybrid-and-Other-Modern-Gangs.pdf

Female Gangs: A Focus on Research

The 2001 OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin represents a step toward rectifying the deficiencies of prior research. It summarizes past and present research and tracks the rise in the number of female gangs.
186159.pdf

Graffiti

The 2004 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing publication discusses the topic of graffiti in the Problem Oriented Policing Series.
Graffiti.pdf

The Comprehensive Strategy: Lessons Learned From the Pilot Sites

The March 2000 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin discusses lessons learned from the four Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Comprehensive Gang Model pilot sites.
178258.pdf

Street Gangs and Interventions: Innovative Problem Solving with Network Analysis

The U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing publication focuses on the subject of network analysis in addressing gangs.
e09050001.pdf

Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences Among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools—Second Edition

yv_compendium.pdf

Violence by Gang Members, 1993–2003

The 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics brief discusses violence by gang members over a ten-year period (1993–2003).
vgm03.pdf

Gang Members on the Move

The 1998 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Juvenile Justice Bulletin seeks to clarify the term “gang” and addresses gang migration.
171153.pdf

2009 National Gang Threat Assessment

ngta2009.pdf

2011 National Gang Threat Assessment—Emerging Trends

unclassified_singlepages.pdf

2013 National Gang Report

2013 NGIC Gang Report.pdf

2015 National Gang Report

national-gang-report-2015.pdf

Women On The Run

A 2015 report published by The UN Refugee Agency specifically discussing the impact of gang violence on women and how it relates to international refugee law.
5630f24c6.pdf

Gang in Central America

This 2016 Congressional Research Service report describes the gang problem in Central America, discusses country approaches to deal with the gangs, and analyzes U.S. policy with respect to gangs in Central America.
RL34112.pdf

Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13): An International Perspective

This 2005 unclassified assessment from the FBI provides an overview of the international activities of the MS-13 criminal organization.
FBI-MS13.pdf

El Salvador 2015 Crime and Safety Report

Published by the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, this report is produced by a private and public sector group that details country crime and safety reports.
www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17691

2006 Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment

This U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) assessment analyzes the nature of gangs in Central America and Mexico, and provides strategic and programmatic recommendations to USAID about addressing the gang problem in the assessment countries.
Pnadg834.pdf

Girls and Gangs: Improving Our Understanding and Ability to Respond

This National Council on Crime & Delinquency report examines how and why girls become gang-affiliated and how and why some girls avoid or leave gang activity.
Girls and Gangs Executive Summary.pdf

Put the Guns Down: Outcomes and Impacts of the Chicago Violence Reduction Strategy

This 2017 Urban Institute report provides an evaluation of the Chicago Violence Reduction Strategy.
www.urban.org/research/publication/put-guns-down/view/full_report

Gang Prevention

Preventing Youth Violence: Opportunities for Action

This resource by the Centers for Disease Control is designed to help communities use evidence-based actions to effectively prevent youth violence, including gang violence.
opportunities-for-action.pdf

Taking Action to Prevent Youth Violence

This is a companion document to the Preventing Youth Violence: Opportunities for Action resource. It is designed to help communities learn more about the causes and impact of youth violence (including gang violence) and identify actions that can be taken to prevent youth violence.
opportunities-for-action-companion-guide.pdf

Changing Course: Preventing Gang Membership

239234.pdf

Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs

This 2010 OJJDP bulletin presents research on why youth join gangs and how a community can build gang prevention and intervention services. The author summarizes recent literature on gang formation and identifies promising and effective programs for gang prevention.
231116.pdf

Gang Prevention: How to Make the “Front End” of Your Anti-Gang Effort Work

This 2006 United States Attorney’s Office Bulletin discusses the research related to gang membership and lays out guidelines for implementation of community prevention and intervention efforts.
Front-End.pdf

Preventing Gang Violence and Building Communities Where Young People Thrive

This National League of Cities Toolkit is based on work within the California Cities Gang Prevention Network.
preventing-gang-violence-kit-jan10.pdf

Gang Intervention and Reentry

Getting Out of Gangs, Staying Out of Gangs

2013 National Gang Center Bulletin focused on gang intervention and desistence in regard to gang members leaving gangs.
Getting-Out-Staying-Out.pdf

APPA’s C.A.R.E. Model: A Framework for Collaboration, Analysis, Reentry, and Evaluation: A Response to Street Gang Violence

The American Probation and Parole Association’s C.A.R.E. model is designed to assist community corrections agencies’ participation in interagency anti-gang collaborative initiatives.
PSN_CARE_Model.pdf

Multidisciplinary Gang Intervention Teams

The 2007 National Gang Center Bulletin outlining the development, role, and practice of multidisciplinary gang intervention teams in addressing gang problems.
NYGCbulletin3.pdf

Guidelines to Gang Reentry

This is a link to access the American Probation and Parole Association CD produced for the Bureau of Justice Assistance, which outlines recommended practices in the various stages of gang member reentry from incarceration to the community.
Guidelines to Gang Reentry

Developing a Successful Street Outreach Program: Recommendations and Lessons Learned

A 2009 National Council on Crime and Delinquency publication on establishing outreach programs with recommendations and lessons learned.
developing_a_successful_street_outreach_program.pdf

Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile Offenders

The 2001 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin describes the intervention programs that showed the strongest, most consistent impact on recidivism for serious juvenile offenders.
181201.pdf

Implementation of the Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Program

The 2000 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin on implementing intensive community-based aftercare programming for serious offenders.
181464.pdf

Gang Suppression

Gang Prosecutions, United States Attorneys’ Bulletin, May 2014, Volume 62, Number 3

This bulletin highlights a number of topics in the investigation and prosecution of gang crime.
usab6203.pdf

Guidelines for Establishing and Operating Gang Intelligence Units and Task Forces

The 2008 Bureau of Justice Assistance report provides guidelines to creating and operating gang task force and gang intelligence units.
Guidelines-for-Establishing-Gang-Intelligence-Units.pdf

Property Abatements—The Other Gang Injunction: Project T.O.U.G.H.

The 2009 National Gang Center Bulletin by staff from the Los Angeles City Attorney’s Office highlights that entity’s Project T.O.U.G.H.
Project-TOUGH.pdf

OJJDP Gang Prosecution Manual

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention manual provides guidance to law enforcement and prosecutors from investigation through prosecution of gang crime.
Gang-Prosecution-Manual.pdf

Civil Gang Injunctions: A Guide for Prosecutors

A 2009 publication providing guidelines by the National District Attorney’s Association for prosecutors seeking gang injunctions.
Civil Gang Injunctions - A Guide for Prosecutors.pdf

Prosecuting Gang Cases: What Local Prosecutors Need to Know

A 2004 Bureau of Justice Assistance abstract by the American Prosecutor’s Research Institute provides guidance for prosecutors in prosecuting local gang cases.
gang_cases.pdf

Gang Issues, United States Attorneys’ Bulletin, July 2008, Volume 56, Number 4

This bulletin highlights a number of topics in the investigation and prosecution of gang crime.
Gang-Issues-July-2008.pdf

Can Civil Gang Injunctions Change Communities? A Community Assessment of the Impact of Civil Gang Injunctions

The 2004 Department of Justice publication addresses the impact of gang injunctions on neighborhoods in San Bernardino, California.
208345.pdf

Preventing Gang- and Drug-Related Witness Intimidation

The 1996 Office of Justice Programs publication addresses a variety of issues related to witness intimidation, including the act of intimidation, legal issues, and methods to combat the act and the establishment of witness security programs.
163067.pdf

Gangs Toolkit

Link to the Community Oriented Policing Office Website toolkit, which provides resource information for various gang-related issues.
Gangs Toolkit

Specialized Gang Units: Form and Function in Community Policing

The 2004 report was submitted to the National Institute of Justice. It addresses the efficacy of when and whether it is advisable to create specialized gang units.
207204.pdf

Strategies to Address Gang Crime: A Guidebook for Local Law Enforcement

The 2008 guide published by the Office of Justice Programs Office of Community Oriented Policing Services to assist local law enforcement investigating gang crime.
nps36-080808-01.pdf

Drive-By Shootings

The March 2007 Office of Justice Programs Office of Community Oriented Policing Services problem-solving guide for police officers investigating drive-by shootings.
drive_by_shootings.pdf

Gangs, Drugs, and Guns

Project Safe Neighborhoods—A National Program to Reduce Gun Crime: Final Project Report

The 2006 final report prepared by Michigan State University in regard to Project Safe Neighborhoods for the United States Office of Justice.
226686.pdf

Promising Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence

A 1999 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention report outlining strategies to reduce gun violence.
173950.pdf

Gun Violence Among Serious Young Offenders

A guide for police-related gun violence by serious young offenders. The guide was developed as part of the problem-oriented policing series for the Office of Community Oriented Policing.
e01042199.pdf

Kids and Guns (1999 National Report Series)

The 2000 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention report titled “Kids and Guns” was published as part of the National Report Series.
178994.pdf

The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin was published in 1999 to bring an understanding of the interrelationship of the three title issues.
93920.pdf

Youth Gang Drug Trafficking

The 1999 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin analyzes data from the 1996 National Youth Gang Survey to provide a picture of youth gang involvement in drug trafficking.
178282.pdf

Gangs and Schools

Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2017

A joint effort by the National Center for Education Statistics and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, this annual report examines crime occurring in schools and colleges.
Indicators-of-School-Crime-and-Safety-2017.pdf

Bullying in Schools: An Overview

A December 2011 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin providing an overview of the findings of funded studies related to bullying in schools.
234205.pdf

Responding to Gangs in the School Setting

A 2010 National Gang Center Bulletin addressing the problem and assessment of gangs in schools and potential solutions.
Bulletin-5.pdf

Youth Gangs in Schools

A 2000 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin providing research insight into the issue of youth gangs in schools.
183015.pdf

Bullying in Schools

A May 2012 update of the Office of Community Oriented Policing’s Problem Solving Guide regarding bullying in schools.
cops-w0018-pub.pdf

Balancing Student Privacy and School Safety: A Guide to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act for Elementary and Secondary Schools

Link to a United States Department of Education Website providing guidance regarding the Family Educational and Privacy Act (FERPA).
elsec.pdf

Research

Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research

The 2002 National Institute of Justice publication provides a collection of the Institute’s research on gangs.
190351.pdf

Gang Members and Delinquent Behavior

This 1997 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin summarizes the findings of the Rochester Youth Development study.
165154.pdf

Gang Membership, Delinquent Peers, and Delinquent Behavior

A 2008 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin in the Youth Gang Series summarizing the research on various issues related to gangs, including female gangs and gang migration.
171119.pdf

Predictors of Youth Violence

A 2000 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin summarizing predictors of youth gang violence at various stages of youth development and implications for violence prevention.
179065.pdf

Police Response to Gangs: A Multi-Site Study

A 2003 research report prepared by Arizona State University faculty for the National Institute of Justice summarizing law enforcement responses to gangs in different jurisdictions.
205003.pdf

Homicide in Los Angeles: An Analysis of the Differential Character of Adolescent and Other Homicides

A 2000 research study prepared for the United States Justice Department by University of Southern California faculty.
193812.pdf

Highlights of Findings From the Rochester Youth Development Study

An Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention FACT Sheet published in 1999 highlighting findings of the Rochester Youth Development Study.
fs99103.pdf

Highlights of Findings From the Pittsburgh Youth Study

An Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention FACT Sheet published in 1999 highlighting findings of the Pittsburgh Youth Development Study.
fs9995.pdf

Highlights of Findings From the Denver Youth Survey

An Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention FACT Sheet published in 1999 highlighting findings of the Denver Youth Development Study.
fs99106.pdf

Early Precursors of Gang Membership: A Study of Seattle Youth

An Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin published in 2001 drawing on data from the Seattle Social Development project to discuss the impact of risk factors on 10- to 12-year-olds.
190106.pdf

Evaluations

Findings From the Evaluation of OJJDP’s Gang Reduction Program

A 2010 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin highlighting findings from the Urban Institute evaluation of the Gang Reduction Program.
230106.pdf

Evaluation of CeaseFire–Chicago

A 2008 unpublished evaluation funded by National Institute of Justice of Chicago Ceasefire (now known as Cure Violence) by Northwestern University.
227181.pdf

Evaluation and Evolution of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program

A 2011 evaluation of the G.R.E.A.T. Program.
Evaluation and Evolution of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program

Gang Intervention Partnership: Evaluation of and Recommendations Regarding a Program to Reduce Criminal Activity of Latino Gangs in the District of Columbia

A 2006 Evaluation conducted for the Office of the District of Columbia Mayor’s Office of Latino Affairs.
gip_1106_0.pdf

Surveys, Statistics, and Analyses

National Youth Gang Surveys:

Highlights of the 2012 National Youth Gang Survey

This fact sheet discusses trends in gang activity, factors influencing local gang violence, and anti-gang measures.
248025.pdf | Previous Fact Sheets

U.S. Gang Problem Trends and Seriousness, 1996–2009

Bulletin-6.pdf

Related Surveys and Statistics:

2000 Survey of Youth Gangs in Indian Country

Youth-Gangs-in-Indian-Country-2000.pdf

Youth Gang Homicides in the 1990’s

fs200103.pdf

The Growth of Youth Gang Problems in the United States: 1970–98, Part 1

181868-1.pdf

The Growth of Youth Gang Problems in the United States: 1970–98, Part 2

181868-2.pdf

State Reports:

2011 Montana Gang Threat Assessment

mbcc.mt.gov/Data/SAC/Gang/Gang.asp

Florida Gang Reduction Strategy 2011 Annual Report

Gang_Report_2011_WebFinal.pdf

Gangs in North Carolina: An Analysis of GangNET Data

2012GangReport.pdf

Gangs and Crime in South Carolina: How Much, How Bad?

2010GangReport.pdf

Gangs in New Jersey: Municipal Law Enforcement Response to the 2010 NJSP Gang Survey

gangs_in_nj_2010.pdf

2008 Arizona Gang Threat Assessment

2008_Gang_Threat_Assessment_final.pdf

Criminal Gangs in Maryland

Gangs.pdf

2009 Gangland Behind Bars: How and Why Organized Criminal Street Gangs Thrive in New Jersey’s Prisons . . . And What Can Be Done About It

Gangs SCI Report Full.pdf

Northern Virginia Comprehensive Gang Assessment 2003–2008

NoVaGangAssessmentSept212009.pdf

Responding to Gang, Crew and Youth Violence in the District of Columbia

https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/43069325/responding-to-gang-crew-and-youth-violence-in-the-district-of-columbia

Youth Gang Violence and Guns: Data Collection in California

CAgang.pdf

Northeast Wisconsin Gang Assessment

northeast-wi-gang-assessment-20081110.pdf

2007 Statewide Gang Survey Results (Florida)

2007GangSurvey.pdf

2009 Pennsylvania Youth Survey Report

2009 PAYS Report.pdf

Organized Crime in California: 2005 Annual Report to the California Legislature

org_crime2005.pdf

Victims and Witnesses

Working With Victims of Gun Violence

The 2001 Office of Victims of Crimes Bulletin provides guidelines for working with victims of gun violence.
NCJ186155.pdf

Preventing Gang- and Drug-Related Witness Intimidation

The 1996 National Institute of Justice abstract addresses issues related to witness intimidation in gang and drug-related crime.
163067.pdf

Victim and Witness Intimidation: New Developments and Emerging Responses

The 1995 National Institute of Justice bulletin discusses emerging topics and practices in the area of intimidation of victims and witnesses to crime.
witintim.pdf

Witness Intimidation

A 2006 Office of Community Oriented Policing abstract with guidelines for law enforcement related to intimidation of witnesses to crime.
witness_intimidation.pdf

Gang-Related Witness Intimidation

A 2007 National Gang Center Bulletin regarding the issue of intimidation of witnesses specific to gang-related crimes.
Gang-Related-Witness-Intimidation.pdf

Program Sustainability and Replication

Building Sustainability in Demonstration Projects for Children, Youth, and Families

Guidelines for Building Sustainable Projects by the Institute for Educational Leadership funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Planning.
toolkit2final.pdf

Program Sustainability: Developing Strategies For Maintaining Programs Over the Long-term

A 2001 presentation developed by American Indian Development Associates.
sustainabilityppt.pdf

Sustaining Your Gang Prevention Efforts

Sustainability guidelines developed by the National Crime Prevention Council.
11788-NCPC-Gang-FactSheet.pdf

Executive Orders and Congressional Reports

Executive Orders:

Exec. Order No. 13581, 76 Fed. Reg. 44757, Blocking Property of Transnational Criminal Organizations (July 25, 2011)

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/07/25/executive-order-13581-blocking-property-transnational-criminal-organizat

Exec. Order No. 13773, 82 Fed. Reg. 10691, Enforcing Federal Law with Respect to Transnational Criminal Organizations and Preventing International Trafficking (February 9, 2017)

https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-executive-order-enforcing-federal-law-respect-transnational-criminal-organizations-preventing-international-trafficking/

Exec. Order No. 13776, 82 Fed. Reg. 10699, Task Force on Crime Reduction and Public Safety (February 9, 2017)

https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-executive-order-task-force-crime-reduction-public-safety/

Exec. Order No. 13774,82 Fed. Reg. 10695, Preventing Violence Against Federal, State, Tribal, and Local Law Enforcement Officers (February 9, 2017)

https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-executive-order-preventing-violence-federal-state-tribal-local-law-enforcement-officers/

Congressional Reports:

Doyle, C., Robbery, Extortion, and Bribery in One Place: A Legal Overview of the Hobbs Act, (CRS Report No. R45395)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45395.pdf

Smith, H.S. (2018). The Federal “Crime of Violence” Definition: Overview and Judicial Developments (CRS Report No. R45220)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45220.pdf

Doyle, C. (2017). Money Laundering: An Overview of 18 U.S.C. 1956 and Related Federal Criminal Law (CRS Report RL 33315)

https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33315/13

Finklea, K. (2018). MS-13 in the United States and Federal Law Enforcement Efforts (CRS Report R45292)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R45292.pdf

Seelke, C.R. (2016). Gangs in Central America (CRS Report R34112)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34112.pdf

Seelke, C.R. (2018). El Salvador: Background and U.S. Relations (CRS Report R43616)

https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43616/22

Beittel, J.S. (2018). Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations (CRS Report R41576)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41576.pdf

Seelke, C.R. (2016). CRS Insight: Escalating Violence in El Salvador (CRS Insight IN10382)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IN10382.pdf

Doyle, C. (2017). Statute of Limitation in Federal Criminal Cases: An Overview (CRS Report RL31253)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31253.pdf

Doyle, C. (2018). Juvenile Delinquents and Federal Criminal Law: The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act and Related Matters (CRS Report RL30822)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30822.pdf

Doyle, C. (2016). RICO: A Brief Sketch (CRS Report 7-5700)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/96-950.pdf

Doyle, C. (2015). Crime and Forfeiture (CRS Report 7-5700)

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/97-139.pdf