Risk Factors Ages 0–2

Family

Family poverty/low family socioeconomic status* Associated Programs

Indicators	Data Sources
Families eligible for Free and Reduced Lunch Program	State welfare agency
Families on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families	State welfare agency
Families/persons/children living below poverty level	U.S. Bureau of the Census
Food Stamp Program recipients	State welfare agency
Median family income	U.S. Bureau of the Census

Family violence (child maltreatment, partner violence, conflict) Associated Programs

Indicators	Data Sources
911 calls for domestic violence	Local police/sheriff’s department
Protective Orders written	Child Protective Services

Having a teenage mother Associated Programs

Indicators	Data Sources
Births to mothers ages 13 to 19	State or local health departments

Maternal drug, alcohol, and tobacco use during pregnancy Associated Programs

Indicators	Data Sources
Reported incidents	Local health department

Parental criminality Associated Programs

Indicators	Data Sources
Adult criminal arrest rate	Local police/sheriff’s department

Parental psychiatric disorder Associated Programs

Indicators	Data Sources
Mental health problems	Parental risk assessments for abuse and neglect

Parental substance abuse Associated Programs

Indicators	Data Sources
Parents in drug treatment	Medicaid claims for alcohol and substance use

Poor parent-child relations or communication Associated Programs

Indicators	Data Sources
	Data not likely available except in local studies

Pregnancy and delivery complications Associated Programs

Indicators	Data Sources
Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, and Respiration (APGAR) scores	Hospital records
Babies born affected with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	State or local health departments
Low birth weight	Hospital records, state or local health departments
Preterm deliveries	Hospital records, state or local health departments